3.3.81 \(\int (e \csc (c+d x))^{5/2} (a+a \sec (c+d x)) \, dx\) [281]

Optimal. Leaf size=190 \[ -\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {a e^2 \text {ArcTan}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {a e^2 \tanh ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c-\frac {\pi }{2}+d x\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{3 d} \]

[Out]

-2/3*a*e^2*cot(d*x+c)*(e*csc(d*x+c))^(1/2)/d-2/3*a*e^2*csc(d*x+c)*(e*csc(d*x+c))^(1/2)/d+a*e^2*arctan(sin(d*x+
c)^(1/2))*(e*csc(d*x+c))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)^(1/2)/d+a*e^2*arctanh(sin(d*x+c)^(1/2))*(e*csc(d*x+c))^(1/2)*sin(d*x
+c)^(1/2)/d-2/3*a*e^2*(sin(1/2*c+1/4*Pi+1/2*d*x)^2)^(1/2)/sin(1/2*c+1/4*Pi+1/2*d*x)*EllipticF(cos(1/2*c+1/4*Pi
+1/2*d*x),2^(1/2))*(e*csc(d*x+c))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)^(1/2)/d

________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubi [A]
time = 0.11, antiderivative size = 190, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 11, number of rules used = 11, integrand size = 23, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.478, Rules used = {3963, 3957, 2917, 2644, 331, 335, 218, 212, 209, 2716, 2720} \begin {gather*} \frac {a e^2 \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)} \text {ArcTan}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {a e^2 \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)} \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \tanh ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right )}{d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c+d x-\frac {\pi }{2}\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d} \end {gather*}

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[(e*Csc[c + d*x])^(5/2)*(a + a*Sec[c + d*x]),x]

[Out]

(-2*a*e^2*Cot[c + d*x]*Sqrt[e*Csc[c + d*x]])/(3*d) - (2*a*e^2*Csc[c + d*x]*Sqrt[e*Csc[c + d*x]])/(3*d) + (a*e^
2*ArcTan[Sqrt[Sin[c + d*x]]]*Sqrt[e*Csc[c + d*x]]*Sqrt[Sin[c + d*x]])/d + (a*e^2*ArcTanh[Sqrt[Sin[c + d*x]]]*S
qrt[e*Csc[c + d*x]]*Sqrt[Sin[c + d*x]])/d + (2*a*e^2*Sqrt[e*Csc[c + d*x]]*EllipticF[(c - Pi/2 + d*x)/2, 2]*Sqr
t[Sin[c + d*x]])/(3*d)

Rule 209

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]))*ArcTan[Rt[b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /;
FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a, 0] || GtQ[b, 0])

Rule 212

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]))*ArcTanh[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x]
/; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])

Rule 218

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^4)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numerator[Rt[-a/b, 2]], s = Denominator[Rt[-a/b, 2]]},
Dist[r/(2*a), Int[1/(r - s*x^2), x], x] + Dist[r/(2*a), Int[1/(r + s*x^2), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] &&  !Gt
Q[a/b, 0]

Rule 331

Int[((c_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(c*x)^(m + 1)*((a + b*x^n)^(p + 1)/(a*c
*(m + 1))), x] - Dist[b*((m + n*(p + 1) + 1)/(a*c^n*(m + 1))), Int[(c*x)^(m + n)*(a + b*x^n)^p, x], x] /; Free
Q[{a, b, c, p}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && IntBinomialQ[a, b, c, n, m, p, x]

Rule 335

Int[((c_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{k = Denominator[m]}, Dist[k/c, Subst[I
nt[x^(k*(m + 1) - 1)*(a + b*(x^(k*n)/c^n))^p, x], x, (c*x)^(1/k)], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, p}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0]
&& FractionQ[m] && IntBinomialQ[a, b, c, n, m, p, x]

Rule 2644

Int[cos[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(n_.)*((a_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(m_.), x_Symbol] :> Dist[1/(a*f), Subst[Int[
x^m*(1 - x^2/a^2)^((n - 1)/2), x], x, a*Sin[e + f*x]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, e, f, m}, x] && IntegerQ[(n - 1)/2] &&
!(IntegerQ[(m - 1)/2] && LtQ[0, m, n])

Rule 2716

Int[((b_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)])^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[Cos[c + d*x]*((b*Sin[c + d*x])^(n + 1)/(b*d*(n + 1
))), x] + Dist[(n + 2)/(b^2*(n + 1)), Int[(b*Sin[c + d*x])^(n + 2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{b, c, d}, x] && LtQ[n, -1
] && IntegerQ[2*n]

Rule 2720

Int[1/Sqrt[sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[(2/d)*EllipticF[(1/2)*(c - Pi/2 + d*x), 2], x] /; FreeQ
[{c, d}, x]

Rule 2917

Int[(cos[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(g_.))^(p_)*((d_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(n_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)
*(x_)]), x_Symbol] :> Dist[a, Int[(g*Cos[e + f*x])^p*(d*Sin[e + f*x])^n, x], x] + Dist[b/d, Int[(g*Cos[e + f*x
])^p*(d*Sin[e + f*x])^(n + 1), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f, g, n, p}, x]

Rule 3957

Int[(cos[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(g_.))^(p_.)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(m_.), x_Symbol] :> Int[(g*Co
s[e + f*x])^p*((b + a*Sin[e + f*x])^m/Sin[e + f*x]^m), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f, g, p}, x] && IntegerQ[m]

Rule 3963

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(m_.)*((g_.)*sec[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Dist[g^Int
Part[p]*(g*Sec[e + f*x])^FracPart[p]*Cos[e + f*x]^FracPart[p], Int[(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^m/Cos[e + f*x]^p, x],
x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f, g, m, p}, x] &&  !IntegerQ[p]

Rubi steps

\begin {align*} \int (e \csc (c+d x))^{5/2} (a+a \sec (c+d x)) \, dx &=\left (e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {a+a \sec (c+d x)}{\sin ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x)} \, dx\\ &=-\left (\left (e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {(-a-a \cos (c+d x)) \sec (c+d x)}{\sin ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x)} \, dx\right )\\ &=\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sin ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x)} \, dx+\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {\sec (c+d x)}{\sin ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x)} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {1}{3} \left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}} \, dx+\frac {\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{x^{5/2} \left (1-x^2\right )} \, dx,x,\sin (c+d x)\right )}{d}\\ &=-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c-\frac {\pi }{2}+d x\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {x} \left (1-x^2\right )} \, dx,x,\sin (c+d x)\right )}{d}\\ &=-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c-\frac {\pi }{2}+d x\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {\left (2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-x^4} \, dx,x,\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right )}{d}\\ &=-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c-\frac {\pi }{2}+d x\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right )}{d}+\frac {\left (a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right )}{d}\\ &=-\frac {2 a e^2 \cot (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}-\frac {2 a e^2 \csc (c+d x) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {a e^2 \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {a e^2 \tanh ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right ) \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {2 a e^2 \sqrt {e \csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} \left (c-\frac {\pi }{2}+d x\right )\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}}{3 d}\\ \end {align*}

________________________________________________________________________________________

Mathematica [A]
time = 0.99, size = 135, normalized size = 0.71 \begin {gather*} -\frac {a (e \csc (c+d x))^{5/2} \left (6 \text {ArcTan}\left (\sqrt {\csc (c+d x)}\right )+4 \cot \left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right ) \sqrt {\csc (c+d x)}+3 \log \left (1-\sqrt {\csc (c+d x)}\right )-3 \log \left (1+\sqrt {\csc (c+d x)}\right )+4 \sqrt {\csc (c+d x)} F\left (\left .\frac {1}{4} (-2 c+\pi -2 d x)\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sin (c+d x)}\right )}{6 d \csc ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x)} \end {gather*}

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Integrate[(e*Csc[c + d*x])^(5/2)*(a + a*Sec[c + d*x]),x]

[Out]

-1/6*(a*(e*Csc[c + d*x])^(5/2)*(6*ArcTan[Sqrt[Csc[c + d*x]]] + 4*Cot[(c + d*x)/2]*Sqrt[Csc[c + d*x]] + 3*Log[1
- Sqrt[Csc[c + d*x]]] - 3*Log[1 + Sqrt[Csc[c + d*x]]] + 4*Sqrt[Csc[c + d*x]]*EllipticF[(-2*c + Pi - 2*d*x)/4,
2]*Sqrt[Sin[c + d*x]]))/(d*Csc[c + d*x]^(5/2))

________________________________________________________________________________________

Maple [C] Result contains complex when optimal does not.
time = 1.62, size = 679, normalized size = 3.57

method	result	size
default	\(\frac {a \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right ) \left (4 i \EllipticF \left (\sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}, \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\right ) \sin \left (d x +c \right ) \sqrt {\frac {-i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )+i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {-\frac {i \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}-3 i \EllipticPi \left (\sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}, \frac {1}{2}+\frac {i}{2}, \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\right ) \sin \left (d x +c \right ) \sqrt {\frac {-i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )+i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {-\frac {i \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}-3 i \EllipticPi \left (\sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}, \frac {1}{2}-\frac {i}{2}, \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\right ) \sin \left (d x +c \right ) \sqrt {\frac {-i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )+i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {-\frac {i \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}-3 \EllipticPi \left (\sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}, \frac {1}{2}+\frac {i}{2}, \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\right ) \sin \left (d x +c \right ) \sqrt {\frac {-i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )+i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {-\frac {i \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}+3 \EllipticPi \left (\sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}, \frac {1}{2}-\frac {i}{2}, \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\right ) \sin \left (d x +c \right ) \sqrt {\frac {-i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )+i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {\frac {i \cos \left (d x +c \right )+\sin \left (d x +c \right )-i}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}\, \sqrt {-\frac {i \left (-1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}}+2 \sqrt {2}\right ) \left (1+\cos \left (d x +c \right )\right )^{2} \left (\frac {e}{\sin \left (d x +c \right )}\right )^{\frac {5}{2}} \sqrt {2}}{6 d \sin \left (d x +c \right )}\)	\(679\)

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int((e*csc(d*x+c))^(5/2)*(a+a*sec(d*x+c)),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)

[Out]

1/6*a/d*(-1+cos(d*x+c))*(4*I*EllipticF(((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2),1/2*2^(1/2))*sin(d*x+c)*
((-I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)+I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*(-I*(-1+cos(d*x
+c))/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)-3*I*EllipticPi(((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2),1/2+1/2*I,1/2*2^(1/2))*si
n(d*x+c)*((-I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)+I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*(-I*(-
1+cos(d*x+c))/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)-3*I*EllipticPi(((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2),1/2-1/2*I,1/2*2^
(1/2))*sin(d*x+c)*((-I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)+I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/
2)*(-I*(-1+cos(d*x+c))/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)-3*EllipticPi(((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2),1/2+1/2*I
,1/2*2^(1/2))*sin(d*x+c)*((-I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)+I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+
c))^(1/2)*(-I*(-1+cos(d*x+c))/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)+3*EllipticPi(((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2),1/
2-1/2*I,1/2*2^(1/2))*sin(d*x+c)*((-I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)+I)/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)*((I*cos(d*x+c)+sin(d*x+c)-I)/s
in(d*x+c))^(1/2)*(-I*(-1+cos(d*x+c))/sin(d*x+c))^(1/2)+2*2^(1/2))*(1+cos(d*x+c))^2*(e/sin(d*x+c))^(5/2)/sin(d*
x+c)*2^(1/2)

________________________________________________________________________________________

Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((e*csc(d*x+c))^(5/2)*(a+a*sec(d*x+c)),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

e^(5/2)*integrate((a*sec(d*x + c) + a)*csc(d*x + c)^(5/2), x)

________________________________________________________________________________________

Fricas [F(-1)] Timed out
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Timed out} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((e*csc(d*x+c))^(5/2)*(a+a*sec(d*x+c)),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

Timed out

________________________________________________________________________________________

Sympy [F(-1)] Timed out
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Timed out} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((e*csc(d*x+c))**(5/2)*(a+a*sec(d*x+c)),x)

[Out]

Timed out

________________________________________________________________________________________

Giac [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {could not integrate} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate((e*csc(d*x+c))^(5/2)*(a+a*sec(d*x+c)),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

integrate((e*csc(d*x + c))^(5/2)*(a*sec(d*x + c) + a), x)

________________________________________________________________________________________

Mupad [F]
time = 0.00, size = -1, normalized size = -0.01 \begin {gather*} \int \left (a+\frac {a}{\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}\right )\,{\left (\frac {e}{\sin \left (c+d\,x\right )}\right )}^{5/2} \,d x \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int((a + a/cos(c + d*x))*(e/sin(c + d*x))^(5/2),x)

[Out]

int((a + a/cos(c + d*x))*(e/sin(c + d*x))^(5/2), x)

________________________________________________________________________________________